Extending for over 500 km from the tripoint with Switzerland to the Mediterranean Sea east of Monaco, the France–Italy boundary mostly follows the watershed between the Rhone and Po river basins. Originally established by a territorial transfer in 1860 in which the region of Savoy and the city of Nice were given to France in exchange for military support, the boundary was then adjusted again following World War II. Apart from a disagreement over the alignment of the boundary on three of the peaks on the Mont Blanc massif (including the summit of Mont Blanc, the highest point in western Europe), the boundary today is stable, demarcated, and open to free movement under the Schengen regime.

France and Italy also have an established maritime boundary.