Much of the current boundary between Norway and Sweden was determined during the middle ages as the Kingdoms of Norway and Sweden were being formed. Four treaties between the Kingdom of Denmark and Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden from 1645 to 1661 created the basis for the modern boundary between Norway and Sweden.

In 1751, the current boundary truly began to take shape, and demarcation of this frontier was carried out between 1752 and 1766. The boundary was demarcated with the distinctive riksrösen cairns, which are still maintained today as the boundary markers. Today, the 1,630 kilometer (1,013 mile) long border is completely demarcated and undisputed. The boundaries over land are all point-to-point based on the eighteenth century demarcation—with the addition of some more recent intermediate boundary markers. Water boundaries follow the current thalweg or straight lines across marshes and lakes as specified in the 1751 Agreement.

Norway and Sweden also have an established maritime boundary.