The land boundary between Kazakhstan and Russia is the second longest border in the world and spans more than 7,800 kilometers (4,890 miles). It starts in the northwest of the Caspian Sea region and travels east across the Eurasian Steppe, which primarily consists of flat grasslands, to the tripoint with China. Since 1930, the Russia–Kazakhstan border, originally delimited as an internal Soviet frontier, has remained relatively unchanged and largely uncontentious, although its establishment as an international boundary has taken some time. The nature of delimiting and then demarcating such a long land boundary has resulted in an over thirty-year process of border development, which continues through today. The two States are actively working towards boundary demarcation, which is expected to be completed over the next few years.

Russia and Kazakhstan have remained economically and militarily aligned with one another since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Both countries are member States of the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States and the Collective Security Treaty Organization.

Kazakhstan and Russia also share a maritime boundary.